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Neal Probert
2023-05-02 13:12:36 -04:00
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
ooooo ooo ooooooooo. ooooooo ooooo
`888' `8' `888 `Y88. `8888 d8'
888 8 888 .d88' Y888..8P
888 8 888ooo88P' `8888'
888 8 888 .8PY888.
`88. .8' 888 d8' `888b
`YbodP' o888o o888o o88888o
The Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
Copyright (c) 1996-2000 Markus Oberhumer & Laszlo Molnar
http://wildsau.idv.uni-linz.ac.at/mfx/upx.html
http://www.nexus.hu/upx
http://upx.tsx.org
PLEASE CAREFULLY READ THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT, ESPECIALLY IF YOU PLAN
TO MODIFY THE UPX SOURCE CODE OR USE A MODIFIED UPX VERSION.
ABSTRACT
========
UPX and UCL are copyrighted software distributed under the terms
of the GNU General Public License (hereinafter the "GPL").
The stub which is imbedded in each UPX compressed program is part
of UPX and UCL, and contains code that is under our copyright. The
terms of the GNU General Public License still apply as compressing
a program is a special form of linking with our stub.
As a special exception we grant the free usage of UPX for all
executables, including commercial programs.
See below for details and restrictions.
COPYRIGHT
=========
UPX and UCL are copyrighted software. All rights remain with the authors.
UPX is Copyright (C) 1996-2000 Markus Franz Xaver Johannes Oberhumer
UPX is Copyright (C) 1996-2000 Laszlo Molnar
UCL is Copyright (C) 1996-2000 Markus Franz Xaver Johannes Oberhumer
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
==========================
UPX and the UCL library are free software; you can redistribute them
and/or modify them under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
the License, or (at your option) any later version.
UPX and UCL are distributed in the hope that they will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; see the file COPYING.
SPECIAL EXCEPTION FOR COMPRESSED EXECUTABLES
============================================
The stub which is imbedded in each UPX compressed program is part
of UPX and UCL, and contains code that is under our copyright. The
terms of the GNU General Public License still apply as compressing
a program is a special form of linking with our stub.
Hereby Markus F.X.J. Oberhumer and Laszlo Molnar grant you special
permission to freely use and distribute all UPX compressed programs
(including commercial ones), subject to the following restrictions:
1. You must compress your program with a completely unmodified UPX
version; either with our precompiled version, or (at your option)
with a self compiled version of the unmodified UPX sources as
distributed by us.
2. This also implies that the UPX stub must be completely unmodfied, i.e.
the stub imbedded in your compressed program must be byte-identical
to the stub that is produced by the official unmodified UPX version.
3. The decompressor and any other code from the stub must exclusively get
used by the unmodified UPX stub for decompressing your program at
program startup. No portion of the stub may get read, copied,
called or otherwise get used or accessed by your program.
ANNOTATIONS
===========
- You can use a modified UPX version or modified UPX stub only for
programs that are compatible with the GNU General Public License.
- We grant you special permission to freely use and distribute all UPX
compressed programs. But any modification of the UPX stub (such as,
but not limited to, removing our copyright string or making your
program non-decompressible) will immediately revoke your right to
use and distribute a UPX compressed program.
- UPX is not a software protection tool; by requiring that you use
the unmodified UPX version for your proprietary programs we
make sure that any user can decompress your program. This protects
both you and your users as nobody can hide malicious code -
any program that cannot be decompressed is highly suspicious
by definition.
- You can integrate all or part of UPX and UCL into projects that
are compatible with the GNU GPL, but obviously you cannot grant
any special exceptions beyond the GPL for our code in your project.
- We want to actively support manufacturers of virus scanners and
similar security software. Please contact us if you would like to
incorporate parts of UPX or UCL into such a product.
Markus F.X.J. Oberhumer Laszlo Molnar
markus.oberhumer@jk.uni-linz.ac.at ml1050@cdata.tvnet.hu
Linz, Austria, 25 Feb 2000
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==================================================================
User visible changes for UPX
==================================================================
Changes in 4.0.2 (30 Jan 2023):
* bug fixes - see https://github.com/upx/upx/milestone/9
Changes in 4.0.1 (16 Nov 2022):
* bug fixes - see https://github.com/upx/upx/milestone/8
Changes in 4.0.0 (28 Oct 2022):
* Switch to semantic versioning
* SECURITY NOTES: emphasize the security context in the docs
* Support easy building from source code with CMake
* Support easy rebuilding the stubs from source with Podman/Docker
* Add integrated doctest C++ testing framework
* Add support for EFI files (PE x86; Kornel Pal)
* win32/pe and win64/pe: set correct SizeOfHeaders in the PE header
* bug fixes - see https://github.com/upx/upx/milestone/6
* bug fixes - see https://github.com/upx/upx/milestone/7
Changes in 3.96 (23 Jan 2020):
* bug fixes - see https://github.com/upx/upx/milestone/5
Changes in 3.95 (26 Aug 2018):
* Flag --android-shlib to work around bad design in Android
* Flag --force-pie when ET_DYN main program is not marked as DF_1_PIE
* Better compatibility with varying layout of address space on Linux
* Support for 4 PT_LOAD layout in ELF generated by binutils-2.31
* bug fixes, particularly better diagnosis of malformed input
* bug fixes - see https://github.com/upx/upx/milestone/4
Changes in 3.94 (12 May 2017):
* Add support for arm64-linux (aka "aarch64").
* Add support for --lzma compression on 64-bit PowerPC (Thierry Fauck).
* For Mach, "upx -d" will unpack a prefix of the file (and warn).
* Various improvements to the ELF formats.
* bug fixes - see https://github.com/upx/upx/milestone/3
Changes in 3.93 (29 Jan 2017):
* Fixed some win32/pe and win64/pe regressions introduced in 3.92
* bug fixes - see https://github.com/upx/upx/milestone/2
Changes in 3.92 (11 Dec 2016):
* INFO: UPX has moved to GitHub - the new home page is https://upx.github.io
* IMPORTANT: all PE formats: internal changes: reunited the diverged source
files - please report all regressions into the bug tracker and try UPX 3.91
in case of problems.
* Support Apple MacOS 10.12 "Sierra", including more-robust de-compression.
* Explicitly diagnose Go-language bad PT_LOAD; recommend hemfix.c.
https://sourceforge.net/p/upx/bugs/195/ https://github.com/pwaller/goupx
* Fix CERT-FI Case 829767 UPX command line tools segfaults.
Received by UPX Team on 2015-May-08; originally reported
by Codenomicon to NCSC-FI on 2015-01-08.
The vulnerabilities were discovered by Joonas Kuorilehto and
Antti Häyrynen from Codenomicon.
* bug fixes - see https://github.com/upx/upx/milestone/1
Changes in 3.91 (30 Sep 2013):
* Added experimental support for Windows 64-bit PE files, based on
work by Stefan Widmann. Please use for testing only!
* bug fixes
==================================================================
Changes in 3.09 (18 Feb 2013):
* New option --preserve-build-id for GNU ELF.
* Allow for code signing and LC_UUID on Mac OS X executables.
* Allow non-contiguous LC_SEGMENTs and 0==.vmsize for Mach-O.
* Allow zero-filled final page in PackUnix::canUnpack().
* bug fixes
Changes in 3.08 (12 Dec 2011):
* Fix allocation in runtime stub for darwin.macho-entry (i386 and amd64).
* Compress shared library on ELF i386 only [ld.so threatens even this case].
* Attempt to support ELF on QNX 6.3.0 for armel (experimental).
* Better diagnostic when ELF -fPIC is needed.
* PT_NOTE improvements for *BSD.
* Preserve more ELF .e_flags on ARM.
* Minor code improvements for ELF stubs.
* Defend against another flavor of corrupt PE header.
* bug fixes
Changes in 3.07 (08 Sep 2010):
* win32/pe: fixed relocation handling for files with *no* TLS callbacks
[severe bug introduced in 3.06]
Changes in 3.06 (04 Sep 2010):
* win32/pe: TLS callback support contributed by Stefan Widmann. Thanks!
* bug fixes
Changes in 3.05 (27 Apr 2010):
* i386-linux and amd64-linux support shared libraries (DT_INIT must
exist, all info needed by runtime loader must be first in .text, etc.)
* Linux /proc/self/exe now is preserved by default, by leaving behind
one page. New compress-time option --unmap-all-pages is available.
* Withdraw support for shared libraries on Darwin (Apple Mac OS X)
because upx does not understand enough about .dylib.
* bug fixes
Changes in 3.04 (27 Sep 2009):
* new format Mach/AMD64 supports 64-bit programs on Apple Macintosh.
* new formats Dylib/i386 and Dylib/ppc32 support shared libraries
[such as browser plugins] on Darwin (Apple Macintosh). An existing
-init function (LC_ROUTINES command) is required.
* new format vmlinuz/armel for Debian NSLU2 (etc.) linux kernel
* bvmlinuz boot protocol 2.08 for 386 Linux kernel
* Extended ABI version 4 for armel-eabi ARM Linux ELF
* bug fixes
Changes in 3.03 (27 Apr 2008):
* implement cache flushing for PowerPC (esp. model 440)
* fix cache flushing on MIPS (>3 MiB compressed, or with holes)
* fix MIPS big-endian
* bug fixes
Changes in 3.02 (16 Dec 2007):
* fix unmapping on arm-linux.elf
* fix error checking in mmap for i386-linux.elf [triggered by -fPIE]
* bug fixes
Changes in 3.01 (31 Jul 2007):
* new options --no-mode, --no-owner and --no-time to disable preservation
of mode (file permissions), file ownership and timestamps.
* dos/exe: fixed an incorrect error message caused by a bug in
relocation handling
* new format linux/mipsel supports ELF on [32-bit] R3000
* fix argv[0] on PowerPC with --lzma
* bug fixes
Changes in 3.00 (27 Apr 2007):
* watcom/le & tmt/adam: fixed a problem when using certain filters
Changes in 2.93 beta (08 Mar 2007):
* new formats Mach/i386 and Mach/fat support Mac OS X i686 and
Universal binaries [i686 and PowerPC only]
* dos/exe: LZMA is now also supported for 16-bit dos/exe. Please note that
you have to explicitly use '--lzma' even for '--ultra-brute' here
because runtime decompression is about 30 times slower than NRV -
which is really noticeable on old machines.
* dos/exe: fixed a rarely occurring bug in relocation handling
* win32/pe & arm/pe: better icon compression handling
Changes in 2.92 beta (23 Jan 2007):
* new option '--ultra-brute' which tries even more variants
* slightly improved compression ratio for some files when
using '--brute' or '--ultra-brute'
* bug fixes
Changes in 2.91 beta (29 Nov 2006):
* assorted bug fixes
* arm/pe: fix "missing" icon & version info resource problem for wince 5
* win32/pe & arm/pe: added option --compress-icons=3 to compress all icons
Changes in 2.90 beta (08 Oct 2006):
* LZMA algorithm support for most of the 32-bit and 64-bit file formats;
use new option '--lzma' to enable
* new format: BSD/elf386 supporting FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD
via auto-detection of PT_NOTE or EI_OSABI
* arm/pe: all the NRV compression methods are now supported
(only NRV2D is missing in thumb mode)
* linux/elf386, linux/ElfAMD: remember /proc/self/exe in environment
* major source code changes: the runtime decompression stubs are now
built from internal ELF objects
==================================================================
Changes in 2.03 (07 Nov 2006):
* bvmlinuz/386: fix for kernels not at 0x100000; also allow x86_64
* linux/elf386: work around Linux kernel bug (0-length .bss needs PF_W)
Changes in 2.02 (13 Aug 2006):
* linux/386: work around Linux kernel bug (".bss" requires PF_W)
* linux/ppc32, mach/ppc32: compressed programs now work on a 405 CPU
* vmlinuz/386: fixed zlib uncompression problem on DOS
Changes in 2.01 (06 Jun 2006):
* arm/pe: better DLL support
* dos/exe: device driver support added
* linux/386: Fix --force-execve for PaX, grSecurity, and strict SELinux.
/tmp must support execve(); therefore /tmp cannot be mounted 'noexec'.
* win32/pe & arm/pe: added new option '--keep-resource=' for
excluding selected resources from compression
Changes in 2.00 (27 Apr 2006):
* linux/386: the stub now prints an error message if some strict
SELinux mode does prevent runtime decompression and execution
(for a fully SELinux-compatible but otherwise inferior compression
format you can use the '--force-execve' option)
* linux/386: worked around a problem where certain Linux kernels
clobber the %ebx register during a syscall
* win32/pe: disable filters for files with broken PE headers
Changes in 1.96 beta (13 Apr 2006):
* arm/pe: added filter support
* win32/pe: removed an unnecessary check so that Delphi 2006 and
Digital Mars C++ programs finally are supported
Changes in 1.95 beta (09 Apr 2006):
* arm/pe: added DLL support
* arm/pe: added thumb mode stub support
* arm/pe: added unpacking support
* win32/pe: really worked around R6002 runtime errors
Changes in 1.94 beta (11 Mar 2006):
* new format: added support for arm/pe (ARM executables running on WinCE)
* new format: added support for linux elf/amd64
* new format: added support for linux elf/ppc32
* new format: added support for mach/ppc32 (Apple Mac OS X)
* win32/pe: hopefully working "load config" support
* win32/pe: R6002 runtime errors worked around
* win32/pe: the stub now clears the dirty stack
Changes in 1.93 beta (07 Feb 2005):
* vmlinuz/386: fixes to support more kernels
Changes in 1.92 beta (20 Jul 2004):
* win32/pe: added option '--strip-loadconf' to strip the SEH load
config section [NOTE: this option is obsolete since UPX 1.94]
* win32/pe: try to detect .NET (win32/net) files [not yet supported by UPX]
* vmlinux/386: new format that directly supports building Linux kernels
* source code: now compiles cleanly under Win64
Changes in 1.91 beta (30 Jun 2004):
* djgpp2/coff: added support for recent binutils versions
* linux/elf386, linux/sh386: lots of improvements
* vmlinuz/386: added support for recent kernels
* watcom/le: don't crash on files without relocations
* win32/pe: stricter checks of some PE values
* option '--brute' now implies '--crp-ms=999999'.
* source code: much improved portability using ACC, the
Automatic Compiler Configuration
* source code: compile fixes for strict ISO C++ compilers
* source code: compile fixes for Win64
* re-synced with upx 1.25 branch
Changes in 1.90 beta (11 Nov 2002):
* implemented several new options for finer compression control:
'--all-methods', '--all-filters' and '--brute'
* ps1/exe: new format - UPX now supports PlayStation One programs
* linux/386: added the option '--force-execve'
* vmlinuz/386: better kernel detection and sanity checks
* re-synced with upx 1.24 branch
* documentation updates
Changes in 1.11 beta (20 Dec 2000):
* vmlinuz/386: new format - UPX now supports bootable linux kernels
* linux/elf386: added the new ELF direct-to-memory executable format - no
more temp files are needed for decompression!
* linux/sh386: added the new shell direct-to-memory executable format - no
more temp files are needed for decompression!
* reduced overall memory requirements during packing
* quite a number of internal source code rearrangements
==================================================================
Changes in 1.25 (29 Jun 2004)
* INFO: http://upx.sourceforge.net is the permanent UPX home page
* watcom/le: don't crash on files without relocations
* win32/pe: stricter checks of some PE values
* source code: much improved portability using ACC, the
Automatic Compiler Configuration
* source code: compile fixes for strict ISO C++ compilers
* source code: compile fixes for Win64
Changes in 1.24 (07 Nov 2002)
* djgpp2/coff: stricter check of the COFF header to work around a
problem with certain binutils versions
Changes in 1.23 (05 Sep 2002)
* atari/tos: fixed an unpacking problem where a buffer was too
small (introduced in 1.22)
* linux/386: don't give up too early if a single block turns out
to be incompressible
* documentation: added some quick tips how to achieve the best
compression ratio for the final release of your application
* fixed a rare situation where the exit code was not set correctly
Changes in 1.22 (27 Jun 2002)
* atari/tos: the stub now flushes the CPU cache to avoid
problems on 68030+ machines
* source code: additional compiler support for Borland C++,
Digital Mars C++ and Watcom C++
Changes in 1.21 (01 Jun 2002)
* New option '--crp-ms=' for slightly better compression at the cost
of higher memory requirements during compression.
Try 'upx --best --crp-ms=100000'. See the docs for more info.
* source code: portability fixes
* source code: compile fixes for g++ 3.0 and g++ 3.1
Changes in 1.20 (23 May 2001)
* slightly faster compression
* work around a gcc problem in the latest djgpp2 distribution
* watcom/le: fixed detection of already compressed files
* win32/pe: do not compress RT_MANIFEST resource types
* win32/pe: improved the error message for empty resource sections
* [NOTE: the jump from 1.08 to 1.20 is to avoid confusion with
our unstable development releases 1.1x and 1.9x]
Changes in 1.08 (30 Apr 2001)
* new native port to atari/tos
* win32/pe: shortened the identstring
* source code: portability fixes - UPX now builds cleanly under m68k CPUs
Changes in 1.07 (20 Feb 2001)
* win32/pe: corrected the TLS callback check
* win32/pe: really fixed that rare bug in relocation handling
* win32/pe: experimental support for SizeOfHeaders > 0x1000
* win32/pe: check for superfluous data between sections
* win32/pe: compressing screensavers (.scr) should finally work
Changes in 1.06 (27 Jan 2001)
* win32/pe: the check for TLS callbacks introduced in 1.05
was too strict - disabled for now
* dos/com: decreased the decompressor stack size a little bit
Changes in 1.05 (24 Jan 2001)
* win32/pe: refuse to compress programs with TLS callbacks
* win32/pe: stub changes to avoid slowdowns with some virus monitors
* win32/pe: reverted the relocation handling changes in 1.04
* linux/386: dont try to compress Linux kernel images (have a look
at the unstable UPX 1.1x beta versions for that)
Changes in 1.04 (19 Dec 2000)
* dos/exe: fixed an internal error when using '--no-reloc'
* win32/pe: fixed a rare bug in the relocation handling code
* some tunings for the default compression level
Changes in 1.03 (30 Nov 2000)
* linked with a new version of the NRV compression library:
- improved compression ratio a little bit
- overall significantly faster compression
- much faster when using high compression levels like '-9' or '--best'
- much faster with large files
* atari/tos: added support for FreeMiNT
* the 32-bit DOS version now uses the new CWSDSTUB extender
Changes in 1.02 (13 Sep 2000)
* watcom/le: fixed a problem with the Causeway extender
* win32/pe: don't automatically strip relocs if they seem needed
* support multiple backup generations when using '-k'
* updated the console screen driver
Changes in 1.01 (09 Apr 2000)
* win32/pe: fixed an uncompression problem in DLLs with empty
fixup sections
* win32/pe: fixed another rare uncompression problem - a field in the
PE header was set incorrectly
Changes in 1.00 (26 Mar 2000)
* documentation updates
* watcom/le: do not duplicate the non-resident name table
* win32/pe: fixed an import handling problem: sometimes too much data
could be deleted from a file -> the uncompressed file would not work
anymore
Changes in 0.99.3 (07 Mar 2000)
* win32/pe: fixed a rare problem in the stub string handling part
Changes in 0.99.2 (02 Mar 2000)
* dos/exe: fixed a typo causing an internal error (introduced in 0.99.1)
Changes in 0.99.1 (29 Feb 2000)
* win32/pe: fixed some object alignments which were causing
problems when loading compressed DLLs under Windows NT/2000
Changes in 0.99 (25 Feb 2000)
* FULL SOURCE CODE RELEASED UNDER THE TERMS OF THE GNU GPL
* win32/pe: changed default to '--strip-relocs=1'
* dos/com and dos/sys: fixed a bad decompressor problem
* linux/386: the counter for the progress indicator was off by one
==================================================================
Changes in 0.94 (06 Dec 1999)
* win32/pe: the stub now calls ExitProcess in case of import errors
* under DOS and Windows, the environment variable UPX now accepts
a '#' as replacement for '=' because of a COMMAND.COM limitation
Changes in 0.93 (22 Nov 1999)
* win32/pe: fixed --strip-relocs problem with uncompression
* win32/pe: fixed a bug which could produce a broken decompressor stub
* linux/386: yet another FreeBSD compatibility fix
Changes in 0.92 (14 Nov 1999)
* win32/pe: really fixed that one line (see below)
Changes in 0.91 (13 Nov 1999)
* win32/pe: an important one-line fix for the newly introduced problems
* dos/com and dos/sys: fixed an internal error
* dos/exe: correctly restore cs when uncompressing
Changes in 0.90 (10 Nov 1999)
* all formats: '--overlay=copy' now is the default overlay mode
* improved compression ratio for most files
* win32/pe: uncompression is finally supported
* win32/pe: never compress REGISTRY resources
* win32/pe: headersize was not set in PE header
* win32/pe: resource handling is rewritten
* win32/pe: the last :-) TLS problem is fixed
* win32/pe: somewhat less memory is required during compression
* linux/386: fixed compression of scripts which was broken since 0.71
* linux/386: more FreeBSD compatibility issues
* changed option: '-i' now prints some more details during compression
(not finished yet)
Changes in 0.84 (04 Oct 1999)
* dos/exe: fixed a rare problem where the decompressor could crash
* some other minor fixes
Changes in 0.83 (17 Sep 1999)
* dos/exe: fixed minimal memory requirement problem for some files
* win32/pe: fixed a bug which caused a crash in some compressed files
* linux/386: various improvements in the stub; also, for the sake
of FreeBSD users, the stub is now branded as Linux/ELF
Changes in 0.82 (16 Aug 1999)
* dos/exe: fixed a decompressor bug which could cause crash on some files
* linux/386: section headers are now stripped from the stub so that
'strip' won't ruin a compressed file any longer
* wc/le: support for stack not in the last object disabled again
* win32/pe: removed some unneeded data
Changes in 0.81 (04 Aug 1999)
* win32/pe: fixed an important bug in import handling
* dos/com: fixed an internal error that could happen with very small files
Changes in 0.80 (03 Aug 1999)
* you can set some default options in the environment var 'UPX'
* dos/com: the decompressor stub now checks for enough free memory
* dos/exe: decompressor rewritten, some bugs are fixed
* dos/exe: new option '--no-reloc': no relocation data is put into
the DOS header
* tmt/adam: added support for more stubs, detect already packed files
* tmt/adam: new option '--copy-overlay'
* wc/le: reduced memory requirement during uncompression
* wc/le: support files which do not contain their stack in the last object
* wc/le: fixed a bug which could cause a crash, improved relocation
handling
* wc/le: new option '--copy-overlay'
* win32/pe: '--compress-icons=2' is now the default
* win32/pe: even better TLS support
* win32/pe: versioninfo works on NT
* win32/pe: import by ordinal from kernel32.dll works
* win32/pe: other import improvements: importing a nonexistent DLL
results in a usual Windows message, importing a nonexistent function
results in program exit (instead of crash ;-)
* win32/pe: new option: '--compress-resources=0'
* win32/pe: reduced memory requirement during uncompression, some
files might even require LESS memory when they're compressed
* win32/pe: TYPELIBs should work now
* win32/pe: improved relocation handling, 16-bit relocations should work
* win32/pe: new option '--strip-relocs' (only if you know what you are doing)
* win32/pe: new option '--copy-overlay'
* important internal changes: now the stubs are built at runtime
Changes in 0.72 (12 May 1999)
* tmt/adam: fixed a serious problem in the decompressor stub; all
compressed tmt files should be recompressed
* win32/pe: fixed the 'shared sections not supported' warning:
read-only shared sections are fine
* win32/pe: never compress TYPELIB resources
* win32/pe: compressed files are hopefully less suspicious to heuristic
virus scanners now
* linux/386: minor decompressor stub updates, nicer progress bar
Changes in 0.71 (19 Apr 1999)
* dos/exe: added option '--no-overlay'
* linux/386: various improvements in the stub, most notably the
overhead for an extra cleanup process has been removed
* win32/pe: added support for export forwarders
* win32/pe: added support for DLLs without entry point or imports
* win32/pe: yet another .bss fix
* win32/pe: new option '--compress-icons=2': compress all icons
which are not in the first icon directory
* win32/pe: rearranged stub to avoid false alerts from some virus scanners
Changes in 0.70 (30 Mar 1999)
* added support for linux/386 executables
* improved compression ratio quite a bit
* added new compression level '--best' to squeeze out even some more bytes
* win32/pe: TLS support is much better now
* win32/pe: --compress-icons=0 should now work as well
* the usual minor fixes for win32/pe
Changes in 0.62 (16 Mar 1999)
* win32/pe: --compress-icons and --compress-exports are on now by default
* win32/pe: --compress-icons should really work now
* win32/pe: fixed a problem with embedded .bss sections
Changes in 0.61 (08 Mar 1999)
* atari/tos: fixed a problem where the bss segment could become too small
Changes in 0.60 (06 Mar 1999)
* win32/pe: fixed file corruption when the size of the export data is invalid
* win32/pe: fixed a problem with empty resource data
* win32/pe: compressed file alignment set to minimum value
* win32/pe: made all compressed sections writable
* fixed some other win32/pe bugs
* fixed an address optimization problem for some not Watcom LE files
* fixed a bug which could make UPX hang when an exe header contained
an illegal value
* added some compression flags for the win32/pe format
* added support for Atari ST/TT executables (atari/tos)
* improved compression ratio
* improved compression speed
Changes in 0.51 (14 Jan 1999)
* fixed a small bug in the PE header that would prevent some compressed
win32/pe executables from running under Windows NT and WINE
Changes in 0.50 (03 Jan 1999)
* added support for PE format executables (win32/pe & rtm32/pe)
* added support for TMT executables (tmt/adam)
* fixed a dos/sys bug that affected OpenDOS
Changes in 0.40 (05 Oct 1998)
* improved compression ratio
* fixed a small but fatal bug in dos/sys introduced in 0.30
* fixed a rare bug in dos/exe
* worked around a bug in djgpp's strip 2.8
* djgpp/coff: Allegro packfile support should work now
* added dos/exeh compression method (works on 386+)
Changes in 0.30 (27 Jul 1998)
* fixed a serious bug in the 32-bit compressors - please don't use
djgpp/coff and watcom/le compressed files from previous versions,
some of them are possibly damaged !
* the 16-bit uncompressors are a little bit shorter & faster
* fixed progress indicator for VESA and SVGA text modes
Changes in 0.20 (05 Jul 1998)
* second public beta release
* too many changes to list here
Changes in 0.05 (26 May 1998)
* first public beta release
# vim:set syntax=off tw=0 ts=4 sw=4 et: -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

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ooooo ooo ooooooooo. ooooooo ooooo
`888' `8' `888 `Y88. `8888 d8'
888 8 888 .d88' Y888..8P
888 8 888ooo88P' `8888'
888 8 888 .8PY888.
`88. .8' 888 d8' `888b
`YbodP' o888o o888o o88888o
The Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
Copyright (c) 1996-2023 Markus Oberhumer, Laszlo Molnar & John Reiser
https://upx.github.io
WELCOME
=======
Welcome to UPX !
UPX is a free, secure, portable, extendable, high-performance
executable packer for several executable formats.
INTRODUCTION
============
UPX is an advanced executable file compressor. UPX will typically
reduce the file size of programs and DLLs by around 50%-70%, thus
reducing disk space, network load times, download times and
other distribution and storage costs.
Programs and libraries compressed by UPX are completely self-contained
and run exactly as before, with no runtime or memory penalty for most
of the supported formats.
UPX supports a number of different executable formats, including
Windows programs and DLLs, macOS apps and Linux executables.
UPX is free software distributed under the term of the GNU General
Public License. Full source code is available.
UPX may be distributed and used freely, even with commercial applications.
See the UPX License Agreements for details.
SECURITY CONTEXT
================
IMPORTANT NOTE: UPX inherits the security context of any files it handles.
This means that packing, unpacking, or even testing or listing a file requires
the same security considerations as actually executing the file.
Use UPX on trusted files only!
SHORT DOCUMENTATION
===================
'upx program.exe' will compress a program or DLL. For best compression
results try 'upx --best program.exe' or 'upx --brute program.exe'.
Please see the file UPX.DOC for the full documentation. The files
NEWS and BUGS also contain various tidbits of information.
THE FUTURE
==========
- Stay up-to-date with ongoing OS and executable format changes
- RISC-V 64 for Linux
- ARM64 for Windows (help wanted)
- We will *NOT* add any sort of protection and/or encryption.
This only gives people a false feeling of security because
all "protectors" can be broken by definition.
- Fix all remaining bugs - please report any issues
https://github.com/upx/upx/issues
COPYRIGHT
=========
Copyright (C) 1996-2023 Markus Franz Xaver Johannes Oberhumer
Copyright (C) 1996-2023 Laszlo Molnar
Copyright (C) 2000-2023 John F. Reiser
UPX is distributed with full source code under the terms of the
GNU General Public License v2+; either under the pure GPLv2+ (see
the file COPYING), or (at your option) under the GPLv+2 with special
exceptions and restrictions granting the free usage for all binaries
including commercial programs (see the file LICENSE).
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
You should have received a copy of the UPX License Agreements along
with this program; see the files COPYING and LICENSE. If not,
visit the UPX home page.
Share and enjoy,
Markus & Laszlo & John
Markus F.X.J. Oberhumer Laszlo Molnar
<markus@oberhumer.com> <ezerotven+github@gmail.com>
John F. Reiser
<jreiser@BitWagon.com>
[ The term UPX is a shorthand for the Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
and holds no connection with potential owners of registered trademarks
or other rights. ]

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`888' `8' `888 `Y88. `8888 d8'
888 8 888 .d88' Y888..8P
888 8 888ooo88P' `8888'
888 8 888 .8PY888.
`88. .8' 888 d8' `888b
`YbodP' o888o o888o o88888o
The Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
Copyright (c) 1996-2023 Markus Oberhumer, Laszlo Molnar & John Reiser
https://upx.github.io
.___.. .
| |_ _.._ ;_/ __
| [ )(_][ )| \_)
--------------------
UPX would not be what it is today without the invaluable help of
everybody who was kind enough to spend time testing it, using it
in applications and reporting bugs.
The following people made especially gracious contributions of their
time and energy in helping to track down bugs, add new features, and
generally assist in the UPX maintainership process:
Adam Ierymenko <api@one.net>
for severals ideas for the Linux version
Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de> and Jamie Lokier <nospam@cern.ch>
for the /proc/self/fd/X and other Linux suggestions
Andreas Muegge <andreas.muegge@gmx.de>
for the Win32 GUI
Atli Mar Gudmundsson <agudmundsson@symantec.com>
for several comments on the win32/pe stub
Charles W. Sandmann <sandmann@clio.rice.edu>
for the idea with the stubless decompressor in djgpp2/coff
Ice
for debugging the PE headersize problem down
Joergen Ibsen <jibz@hotmail.com> and d'b
for the relocation & address optimization ideas
John S. Fine <johnfine@erols.com>
for the new version of the dos/exe decompressor
Lukundoo <Lukundoo@softhome.net>
for beta testing
Michael Devore
for initial dos/exe device driver support
Oleg V. Volkov <rover@lglobus.ru>
for various FreeBSD specific informations
The Owl & G-RoM
for the --compress-icons fix
Ralph Roth <RalphRoth@gmx.net>
for reporting several bugs
Salvador Eduardo Tropea
for beta testing
Stefan Widmann
for the win32/pe TLS callback support
The WINE project (https://www.winehq.com/)
for lots of useful information found in their PE loader sources
Natascha

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<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>upx - compress or expand executable files</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rev="made" href="mailto:root@localhost" />
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="NAME">NAME</h1>
<p>upx - compress or expand executable files</p>
<h1 id="SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</h1>
<p><b>upx</b> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">[ <i>command</i> ]</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">[ <i>options</i> ]</span> <i>filename</i>...</p>
<h1 id="ABSTRACT">ABSTRACT</h1>
<pre><code> The Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
Copyright (c) 1996-2023 Markus Oberhumer, Laszlo Molnar &amp; John Reiser
https://upx.github.io</code></pre>
<p><b>UPX</b> is a portable, extendable, high-performance executable packer for several different executable formats. It achieves an excellent compression ratio and offers <i>*very*</i> fast decompression. Your executables suffer no memory overhead or other drawbacks for most of the formats supported, because of in-place decompression.</p>
<h1 id="DISCLAIMER">DISCLAIMER</h1>
<p><b>UPX</b> comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details see the file COPYING.</p>
<p>Please report all problems or suggestions to the authors. Thanks.</p>
<h1 id="SECURITY-CONTEXT">SECURITY CONTEXT</h1>
<p>IMPORTANT NOTE: <b>UPX</b> inherits the security context of any files it handles.</p>
<p>This means that packing, unpacking, or even testing or listing a file requires the same security considerations as actually executing the file.</p>
<p>Use <b>UPX</b> on trusted files only!</p>
<h1 id="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</h1>
<p><b>UPX</b> is a versatile executable packer with the following features:</p>
<pre><code>- secure: as UPX is documented Open Source since many years any relevant
Security/Antivirus software is able to peek inside UPX compressed
apps to verify them
- excellent compression ratio: typically compresses better than Zip,
use UPX to decrease the size of your distribution !
- very fast decompression: more than 500 MB/sec on any reasonably modern
machine
- no memory overhead for your compressed executables for most of the
supported formats because of in-place decompression
- safe: you can list, test and unpack your executables.
Also, a checksum of both the compressed and uncompressed file is
maintained internally.
- universal: UPX can pack a number of executable formats, including
Windows programs and DLLs, macOS apps and Linux executables
- portable: UPX is written in portable endian-neutral C++
- extendable: because of the class layout it&#39;s very easy to support
new executable formats or add new compression algorithms
- free: UPX is distributed with full source code under the GNU General
Public License v2+, with special exceptions granting the free usage
for commercial programs</code></pre>
<p>You probably understand now why we call <b>UPX</b> the &quot;<i>ultimate</i>&quot; executable packer.</p>
<h1 id="COMMANDS">COMMANDS</h1>
<h2 id="Compress">Compress</h2>
<p>This is the default operation, eg. <b>upx yourfile.exe</b> will compress the file specified on the command line.</p>
<h2 id="Decompress">Decompress</h2>
<p>All <b>UPX</b> supported file formats can be unpacked using the <b>-d</b> switch, eg. <b>upx -d yourfile.exe</b> will uncompress the file you&#39;ve just compressed.</p>
<h2 id="Test">Test</h2>
<p>The <b>-t</b> command tests the integrity of the compressed and uncompressed data, eg. <b>upx -t yourfile.exe</b> check whether your file can be safely decompressed. Note, that this command doesn&#39;t check the whole file, only the part that will be uncompressed during program execution. This means that you should not use this command instead of a virus checker.</p>
<h2 id="List">List</h2>
<p>The <b>-l</b> command prints out some information about the compressed files specified on the command line as parameters, eg <b>upx -l yourfile.exe</b> shows the compressed / uncompressed size and the compression ratio of <i>yourfile.exe</i>.</p>
<h1 id="OPTIONS">OPTIONS</h1>
<p><b>-q</b>: be quiet, suppress warnings</p>
<p><b>-q -q</b> (or <b>-qq</b>): be very quiet, suppress errors</p>
<p><b>-q -q -q</b> (or <b>-qqq</b>): produce no output at all</p>
<p><b>--help</b>: prints the help</p>
<p><b>--version</b>: print the version of <b>UPX</b></p>
<p><b>--exact</b>: when compressing, require to be able to get a byte-identical file after decompression with option <b>-d</b>. [NOTE: this is work in progress and is not supported for all formats yet. If you do care, as a workaround you can compress and then decompress your program a first time - any further compress-decompress steps should then yield byte-identical results as compared to the first decompressed version.]</p>
<p><b>-k</b>: keep backup files</p>
<p><b>-o file</b>: write output to file</p>
<p>[ ...more docs need to be written... - type `<b>upx --help</b>&#39; for now ]</p>
<h1 id="COMPRESSION-LEVELS-TUNING">COMPRESSION LEVELS &amp; TUNING</h1>
<p><b>UPX</b> offers ten different compression levels from <b>-1</b> to <b>-9</b>, and <b>--best</b>. The default compression level is <b>-8</b> for files smaller than 512 KiB, and <b>-7</b> otherwise.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Compression levels 1, 2 and 3 are pretty fast.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Compression levels 4, 5 and 6 achieve a good time/ratio performance.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Compression levels 7, 8 and 9 favor compression ratio over speed.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Compression level <b>--best</b> may take a long time.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Note that compression level <b>--best</b> can be somewhat slow for large files, but you definitely should use it when releasing a final version of your program.</p>
<p>Quick info for achieving the best compression ratio:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Try <b>upx --brute --no-lzma myfile.exe</b> or even <b>upx --ultra-brute --no-lzma myfile.exe</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The option <b>--lzma</b> enables LZMA compression, which compresses better but is *significantly slower* at decompression. You probably do not want to use it for large files.</p>
<p>(Note that <b>--lzma</b> is automatically enabled by <b>--all-methods</b> and <b>--brute</b>, use <b>--no-lzma</b> to override.)</p>
</li>
<li><p>Try if <b>--overlay=strip</b> works.</p>
</li>
<li><p>For win32/pe programs there&#39;s <b>--strip-relocs=0</b>. See notes below.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="OVERLAY-HANDLING-OPTIONS">OVERLAY HANDLING OPTIONS</h1>
<p>Info: An &quot;overlay&quot; means auxiliary data attached after the logical end of an executable, and it often contains application specific data (this is a common practice to avoid an extra data file, though it would be better to use resource sections).</p>
<p><b>UPX</b> handles overlays like many other executable packers do: it simply copies the overlay after the compressed image. This works with some files, but doesn&#39;t work with others, depending on how an application actually accesses this overlayed data.</p>
<pre><code>--overlay=copy Copy any extra data attached to the file. [DEFAULT]
--overlay=strip Strip any overlay from the program instead of
copying it. Be warned, this may make the compressed
program crash or otherwise unusable.
--overlay=skip Refuse to compress any program which has an overlay.</code></pre>
<h1 id="ENVIRONMENT-VARIABLE">ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE</h1>
<p>The environment variable <b>UPX</b> can hold a set of default options for <b>UPX</b>. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by explicit command line parameters. For example:</p>
<pre><code>for DOS/Windows: set UPX=-9 --compress-icons#0
for sh/ksh/zsh: UPX=&quot;-9 --compress-icons=0&quot;; export UPX
for csh/tcsh: setenv UPX &quot;-9 --compress-icons=0&quot;</code></pre>
<p>Under DOS/Windows you must use &#39;#&#39; instead of &#39;=&#39; when setting the environment variable because of a COMMAND.COM limitation.</p>
<p>Not all of the options are valid in the environment variable - <b>UPX</b> will tell you.</p>
<p>You can explicitly use the <b>--no-env</b> option to ignore the environment variable.</p>
<h1 id="NOTES-FOR-THE-SUPPORTED-EXECUTABLE-FORMATS">NOTES FOR THE SUPPORTED EXECUTABLE FORMATS</h1>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-ATARI-TOS">NOTES FOR ATARI/TOS</h2>
<p>This is the executable format used by the Atari ST/TT, a Motorola 68000 based personal computer which was popular in the late &#39;80s. Support of this format is only because of nostalgic feelings of one of the authors and serves no practical purpose :-). See https://freemint.github.io for more info.</p>
<p>Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression. All debug information will be stripped, though.</p>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-BVMLINUZ-I386">NOTES FOR BVMLINUZ/I386</h2>
<p>Same as vmlinuz/i386.</p>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-DOS-COM">NOTES FOR DOS/COM</h2>
<p>Obviously <b>UPX</b> won&#39;t work with executables that want to read data from themselves (like some commandline utilities that ship with Win95/98/ME).</p>
<p>Compressed programs only work on a 286+.</p>
<p>Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.</p>
<p>Maximum uncompressed size: ~65100 bytes.</p>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--8086 Create an executable that works on any 8086 CPU.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-DOS-EXE">NOTES FOR DOS/EXE</h2>
<p>dos/exe stands for all &quot;normal&quot; 16-bit DOS executables.</p>
<p>Obviously <b>UPX</b> won&#39;t work with executables that want to read data from themselves (like some command line utilities that ship with Win95/98/ME).</p>
<p>Compressed programs only work on a 286+.</p>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--8086 Create an executable that works on any 8086 CPU.
--no-reloc Use no relocation records in the exe header.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-DOS-SYS">NOTES FOR DOS/SYS</h2>
<p>Compressed programs only work on a 286+.</p>
<p>Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.</p>
<p>Maximum uncompressed size: ~65350 bytes.</p>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--8086 Create an executable that works on any 8086 CPU.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-DJGPP2-COFF">NOTES FOR DJGPP2/COFF</h2>
<p>First of all, it is recommended to use <b>UPX</b> *instead* of <b>strip</b>. strip has the very bad habit of replacing your stub with its own (outdated) version. Additionally <b>UPX</b> corrects a bug/feature in strip v2.8.x: it will fix the 4 KiB alignment of the stub.</p>
<p><b>UPX</b> includes the full functionality of stubify. This means it will automatically stubify your COFF files. Use the option <b>--coff</b> to disable this functionality (see below).</p>
<p><b>UPX</b> automatically handles Allegro packfiles.</p>
<p>The DLM format (a rather exotic shared library extension) is not supported.</p>
<p>Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression. All debug information and trailing garbage will be stripped, though.</p>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--coff Produce COFF output instead of EXE. By default
UPX keeps your current stub.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-LINUX-general">NOTES FOR LINUX [general]</h2>
<p>Introduction</p>
<pre><code>Linux/386 support in UPX consists of 3 different executable formats,
one optimized for ELF executables (&quot;linux/elf386&quot;), one optimized
for shell scripts (&quot;linux/sh386&quot;), and one generic format
(&quot;linux/386&quot;).
We will start with a general discussion first, but please
also read the relevant docs for each of the individual formats.
Also, there is special support for bootable kernels - see the
description of the vmlinuz/386 format.</code></pre>
<p>General user&#39;s overview</p>
<pre><code>Running a compressed executable program trades less space on a
``permanent&#39;&#39; storage medium (such as a hard disk, floppy disk,
CD-ROM, flash memory, EPROM, etc.) for more space in one or more
``temporary&#39;&#39; storage media (such as RAM, swap space, /tmp, etc.).
Running a compressed executable also requires some additional CPU
cycles to generate the compressed executable in the first place,
and to decompress it at each invocation.
How much space is traded? It depends on the executable, but many
programs save 30% to 50% of permanent disk space. How much CPU
overhead is there? Again, it depends on the executable, but
decompression speed generally is at least many megabytes per second,
and frequently is limited by the speed of the underlying disk
or network I/O.
Depending on the statistics of usage and access, and the relative
speeds of CPU, RAM, swap space, /tmp, and file system storage, then
invoking and running a compressed executable can be faster than
directly running the corresponding uncompressed program.
The operating system might perform fewer expensive I/O operations
to invoke the compressed program. Paging to or from swap space
or /tmp might be faster than paging from the general file system.
``Medium-sized&#39;&#39; programs which access about 1/3 to 1/2 of their
stored program bytes can do particularly well with compression.
Small programs tend not to benefit as much because the absolute
savings is less. Big programs tend not to benefit proportionally
because each invocation may use only a small fraction of the program,
yet UPX decompresses the entire program before invoking it.
But in environments where disk or flash memory storage is limited,
then compression may win anyway.
Currently, executables compressed by UPX do not share RAM at runtime
in the way that executables mapped from a file system do. As a
result, if the same program is run simultaneously by more than one
process, then using the compressed version will require more RAM and/or
swap space. So, shell programs (bash, csh, etc.) and ``make&#39;&#39;
might not be good candidates for compression.
UPX recognizes three executable formats for Linux: Linux/elf386,
Linux/sh386, and Linux/386. Linux/386 is the most generic format;
it accommodates any file that can be executed. At runtime, the UPX
decompression stub re-creates in /tmp a copy of the original file,
and then the copy is (re-)executed with the same arguments.
ELF binary executables prefer the Linux/elf386 format by default,
because UPX decompresses them directly into RAM, uses only one
exec, does not use space in /tmp, and does not use /proc.
Shell scripts where the underlying shell accepts a ``-c&#39;&#39; argument
can use the Linux/sh386 format. UPX decompresses the shell script
into low memory, then maps the shell and passes the entire text of the
script as an argument with a leading ``-c&#39;&#39;.</code></pre>
<p>General benefits:</p>
<pre><code>- UPX can compress all executables, be it AOUT, ELF, libc4, libc5,
libc6, Shell/Perl/Python/... scripts, standalone Java .class
binaries, or whatever...
All scripts and programs will work just as before.
- Compressed programs are completely self-contained. No need for
any external program.
- UPX keeps your original program untouched. This means that
after decompression you will have a byte-identical version,
and you can use UPX as a file compressor just like gzip.
[ Note that UPX maintains a checksum of the file internally,
so it is indeed a reliable alternative. ]
- As the stub only uses syscalls and isn&#39;t linked against libc it
should run under any Linux configuration that can run ELF
binaries.
- For the same reason compressed executables should run under
FreeBSD and other systems which can run Linux binaries.
[ Please send feedback on this topic ]</code></pre>
<p>General drawbacks:</p>
<pre><code>- It is not advisable to compress programs which usually have many
instances running (like `sh&#39; or `make&#39;) because the common segments of
compressed programs won&#39;t be shared any longer between different
processes.
- `ldd&#39; and `size&#39; won&#39;t show anything useful because all they
see is the statically linked stub. Since version 0.82 the section
headers are stripped from the UPX stub and `size&#39; doesn&#39;t even
recognize the file format. The file patches/patch-elfcode.h has a
patch to fix this bug in `size&#39; and other programs which use GNU BFD.</code></pre>
<p>General notes:</p>
<pre><code>- As UPX leaves your original program untouched it is advantageous
to strip it before compression.
- If you compress a script you will lose platform independence -
this could be a problem if you are using NFS mounted disks.
- Compression of suid, guid and sticky-bit programs is rejected
because of possible security implications.
- For the same reason there is no sense in making any compressed
program suid.
- Obviously UPX won&#39;t work with executables that want to read data
from themselves. E.g., this might be a problem for Perl scripts
which access their __DATA__ lines.
- In case of internal errors the stub will abort with exitcode 127.
Typical reasons for this to happen are that the program has somehow
been modified after compression.
Running `strace -o strace.log compressed_file&#39; will tell you more.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-LINUX-ELF386">NOTES FOR LINUX/ELF386</h2>
<p>Please read the general Linux description first.</p>
<p>The linux/elf386 format decompresses directly into RAM, uses only one exec, does not use space in /tmp, and does not use /proc.</p>
<p>Linux/elf386 is automatically selected for Linux ELF executables.</p>
<p>Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.</p>
<p>How it works:</p>
<pre><code>For ELF executables, UPX decompresses directly to memory, simulating
the mapping that the operating system kernel uses during exec(),
including the PT_INTERP program interpreter (if any).
The brk() is set by a special PT_LOAD segment in the compressed
executable itself. UPX then wipes the stack clean except for
arguments, environment variables, and Elf_auxv entries (this is
required by bugs in the startup code of /lib/ld-linux.so as of
May 2000), and transfers control to the program interpreter or
the e_entry address of the original executable.
The UPX stub is about 1700 bytes long, partly written in assembler
and only uses kernel syscalls. It is not linked against any libc.</code></pre>
<p>Specific drawbacks:</p>
<pre><code>- For linux/elf386 and linux/sh386 formats, you will be relying on
RAM and swap space to hold all of the decompressed program during
the lifetime of the process. If you already use most of your swap
space, then you may run out. A system that is &quot;out of memory&quot;
can become fragile. Many programs do not react gracefully when
malloc() returns 0. With newer Linux kernels, the kernel
may decide to kill some processes to regain memory, and you
may not like the kernel&#39;s choice of which to kill. Running
/usr/bin/top is one way to check on the usage of swap space.</code></pre>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>(none)</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-LINUX-SH386">NOTES FOR LINUX/SH386</h2>
<p>Please read the general Linux description first.</p>
<p>Shell scripts where the underling shell accepts a ``-c&#39;&#39; argument can use the Linux/sh386 format. <b>UPX</b> decompresses the shell script into low memory, then maps the shell and passes the entire text of the script as an argument with a leading ``-c&#39;&#39;. It does not use space in /tmp, and does not use /proc.</p>
<p>Linux/sh386 is automatically selected for shell scripts that use a known shell.</p>
<p>Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.</p>
<p>How it works:</p>
<pre><code>For shell script executables (files beginning with &quot;#!/&quot; or &quot;#! /&quot;)
where the shell is known to accept &quot;-c &lt;command&gt;&quot;, UPX decompresses
the file into low memory, then maps the shell (and its PT_INTERP),
and passes control to the shell with the entire decompressed file
as the argument after &quot;-c&quot;. Known shells are sh, ash, bash, bsh, csh,
ksh, tcsh, pdksh. Restriction: UPX cannot use this method
for shell scripts which use the one optional string argument after
the shell name in the script (example: &quot;#! /bin/sh option3\n&quot;.)
The UPX stub is about 1700 bytes long, partly written in assembler
and only uses kernel syscalls. It is not linked against any libc.</code></pre>
<p>Specific drawbacks:</p>
<pre><code>- For linux/elf386 and linux/sh386 formats, you will be relying on
RAM and swap space to hold all of the decompressed program during
the lifetime of the process. If you already use most of your swap
space, then you may run out. A system that is &quot;out of memory&quot;
can become fragile. Many programs do not react gracefully when
malloc() returns 0. With newer Linux kernels, the kernel
may decide to kill some processes to regain memory, and you
may not like the kernel&#39;s choice of which to kill. Running
/usr/bin/top is one way to check on the usage of swap space.</code></pre>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>(none)</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-LINUX-386">NOTES FOR LINUX/386</h2>
<p>Please read the general Linux description first.</p>
<p>The generic linux/386 format decompresses to /tmp and needs /proc file system support. It starts the decompressed program via the execve() syscall.</p>
<p>Linux/386 is only selected if the specialized linux/elf386 and linux/sh386 won&#39;t recognize a file.</p>
<p>Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.</p>
<p>How it works:</p>
<pre><code>For files which are not ELF and not a script for a known &quot;-c&quot; shell,
UPX uses kernel execve(), which first requires decompressing to a
temporary file in the file system. Interestingly -
because of the good memory management of the Linux kernel - this
often does not introduce a noticeable delay, and in fact there
will be no disk access at all if you have enough free memory as
the entire process takes places within the file system buffers.
A compressed executable consists of the UPX stub and an overlay
which contains the original program in a compressed form.
The UPX stub is a statically linked ELF executable and does
the following at program startup:
1) decompress the overlay to a temporary location in /tmp
2) open the temporary file for reading
3) try to delete the temporary file and start (execve)
the uncompressed program in /tmp using /proc/&lt;pid&gt;/fd/X as
attained by step 2)
4) if that fails, fork off a subprocess to clean up and
start the program in /tmp in the meantime
The UPX stub is about 1700 bytes long, partly written in assembler
and only uses kernel syscalls. It is not linked against any libc.</code></pre>
<p>Specific drawbacks:</p>
<pre><code>- You need additional free disk space for the uncompressed program
in your /tmp directory. This program is deleted immediately after
decompression, but you still need it for the full execution time
of the program.
- You must have /proc file system support as the stub wants to open
/proc/&lt;pid&gt;/exe and needs /proc/&lt;pid&gt;/fd/X. This also means that you
cannot compress programs that are used during the boot sequence
before /proc is mounted.
- Utilities like `top&#39; will display numerical values in the process
name field. This is because Linux computes the process name from
the first argument of the last execve syscall (which is typically
something like /proc/&lt;pid&gt;/fd/3).
- Because of temporary decompression to disk the decompression speed
is not as fast as with the other executable formats. Still, I can see
no noticeable delay when starting programs like my ~3 MiB emacs (which
is less than 1 MiB when compressed :-).</code></pre>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--force-execve Force the use of the generic linux/386 &quot;execve&quot;
format, i.e. do not try the linux/elf386 and
linux/sh386 formats.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-PS1-EXE">NOTES FOR PS1/EXE</h2>
<p>This is the executable format used by the Sony PlayStation (PSone), a MIPS R3000 based gaming console which is popular since the late &#39;90s. Support of this format is very similar to the Atari one, because of nostalgic feelings of one of the authors.</p>
<p>Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression, until further notice.</p>
<p>Maximum uncompressed size: ~1.89 / ~7.60 MiB.</p>
<p>Notes:</p>
<pre><code>- UPX creates as default a suitable executable for CD-Mastering
and console transfer. For a CD-Master main executable you could also try
the special option &quot;--boot-only&quot; as described below.
It has been reported that upx packed executables are fully compatible with
the Sony PlayStation 2 (PS2, PStwo) and Sony PlayStation Portable (PSP) in
Sony PlayStation (PSone) emulation mode.
- Normally the packed files use the same memory areas like the uncompressed
versions, so they will not override other memory areas while unpacking.
If this isn&#39;t possible UPX will abort showing a &#39;packed data overlap&#39;
error. With the &quot;--force&quot; option UPX will relocate the loading address
for the packed file, but this isn&#39;t a real problem if it is a single or
the main executable.</code></pre>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--8-bit Uses 8 bit size compression [default: 32 bit]
--8mib-ram PSone has 8 MiB ram available [default: 2 MiB]
--boot-only This format is for main exes and CD-Mastering only !
It may slightly improve the compression ratio,
decompression routines are faster than default ones.
But it cannot be used for console transfer !
--no-align This option disables CD mode 2 data sector format
alignment. May slightly improves the compression ratio,
but the compressed executable will not boot from a CD.
Use it for console transfer only !</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-RTM32-PE-and-ARM-PE">NOTES FOR RTM32/PE and ARM/PE</h2>
<p>Same as win32/pe.</p>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-TMT-ADAM">NOTES FOR TMT/ADAM</h2>
<p>This format is used by the TMT Pascal compiler - see http://www.tmt.com/ .</p>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-VMLINUZ-386">NOTES FOR VMLINUZ/386</h2>
<p>The vmlinuz/386 and bvmlinuz/386 formats take a gzip-compressed bootable Linux kernel image (&quot;vmlinuz&quot;, &quot;zImage&quot;, &quot;bzImage&quot;), gzip-decompress it and re-compress it with the <b>UPX</b> compression method.</p>
<p>vmlinuz/386 is completely unrelated to the other Linux executable formats, and it does not share any of their drawbacks.</p>
<p>Notes:</p>
<pre><code>- Be sure that &quot;vmlinuz/386&quot; or &quot;bvmlinuz/386&quot; is displayed
during compression - otherwise a wrong executable format
may have been used, and the kernel won&#39;t boot.</code></pre>
<p>Benefits:</p>
<pre><code>- Better compression (but note that the kernel was already compressed,
so the improvement is not as large as with other formats).
Still, the bytes saved may be essential for special needs like
boot disks.
For example, this is what I get for my 2.2.16 kernel:
1589708 vmlinux
641073 bzImage [original]
560755 bzImage.upx [compressed by &quot;upx -9&quot;]
- Much faster decompression at kernel boot time (but kernel
decompression speed is not really an issue these days).</code></pre>
<p>Drawbacks:</p>
<pre><code>(none)</code></pre>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-WATCOM-LE">NOTES FOR WATCOM/LE</h2>
<p><b>UPX</b> has been successfully tested with the following extenders: DOS4G, DOS4GW, PMODE/W, DOS32a, CauseWay. The WDOS/X extender is partly supported (for details see the file bugs BUGS).</p>
<p>DLLs and the LX format are not supported.</p>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--le Produce an unbound LE output instead of
keeping the current stub.</code></pre>
<h2 id="NOTES-FOR-WIN32-PE">NOTES FOR WIN32/PE</h2>
<p>The PE support in <b>UPX</b> is quite stable now, but probably there are still some incompatibilities with some files.</p>
<p>Because of the way <b>UPX</b> (and other packers for this format) works, you can see increased memory usage of your compressed files because the whole program is loaded into memory at startup. If you start several instances of huge compressed programs you&#39;re wasting memory because the common segments of the program won&#39;t get shared across the instances. On the other hand if you&#39;re compressing only smaller programs, or running only one instance of larger programs, then this penalty is smaller, but it&#39;s still there.</p>
<p>If you&#39;re running executables from network, then compressed programs will load faster, and require less bandwidth during execution.</p>
<p>DLLs are supported. But UPX compressed DLLs can not share common data and code when they got used by multiple applications. So compressing msvcrt.dll is a waste of memory, but compressing the dll plugins of a particular application may be a better idea.</p>
<p>Screensavers are supported, with the restriction that the filename must end with &quot;.scr&quot; (as screensavers are handled slightly different than normal exe files).</p>
<p>UPX compressed PE files have some minor memory overhead (usually in the 10 - 30 KiB range) which can be seen by specifying the &quot;-i&quot; command line switch during compression.</p>
<p>Extra options available for this executable format:</p>
<pre><code>--compress-exports=0 Don&#39;t compress the export section.
Use this if you plan to run the compressed
program under Wine.
--compress-exports=1 Compress the export section. [DEFAULT]
Compression of the export section can improve the
compression ratio quite a bit but may not work
with all programs (like winword.exe).
UPX never compresses the export section of a DLL
regardless of this option.
--compress-icons=0 Don&#39;t compress any icons.
--compress-icons=1 Compress all but the first icon.
--compress-icons=2 Compress all icons which are not in the
first icon directory. [DEFAULT]
--compress-icons=3 Compress all icons.
--compress-resources=0 Don&#39;t compress any resources at all.
--keep-resource=list Don&#39;t compress resources specified by the list.
The members of the list are separated by commas.
A list member has the following format: I&lt;type[/name]&gt;.
I&lt;Type&gt; is the type of the resource. Standard types
must be specified as decimal numbers, user types can be
specified by decimal IDs or strings. I&lt;Name&gt; is the
identifier of the resource. It can be a decimal number
or a string. For example:
--keep-resource=2/MYBITMAP,5,6/12345
UPX won&#39;t compress the named bitmap resource &quot;MYBITMAP&quot;,
it leaves every dialog (5) resource uncompressed, and
it won&#39;t touch the string table resource with identifier
12345.
--force Force compression even when there is an
unexpected value in a header field.
Use with care.
--strip-relocs=0 Don&#39;t strip relocation records.
--strip-relocs=1 Strip relocation records. [DEFAULT]
This option only works on executables with base
address greater or equal to 0x400000. Usually the
compressed files becomes smaller, but some files
may become larger. Note that the resulting file will
not work under Windows 3.x (Win32s).
UPX never strips relocations from a DLL
regardless of this option.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.</code></pre>
<h1 id="DIAGNOSTICS">DIAGNOSTICS</h1>
<p>Exit status is normally 0; if an error occurs, exit status is 1. If a warning occurs, exit status is 2.</p>
<p><b>UPX</b>&#39;s diagnostics are intended to be self-explanatory.</p>
<h1 id="BUGS">BUGS</h1>
<p>Please report all bugs immediately to the authors.</p>
<h1 id="AUTHORS">AUTHORS</h1>
<pre><code>Markus F.X.J. Oberhumer &lt;markus@oberhumer.com&gt;
http://www.oberhumer.com
Laszlo Molnar &lt;ezerotven+github@gmail.com&gt;
John F. Reiser &lt;jreiser@BitWagon.com&gt;
Jens Medoch &lt;jssg@users.sourceforge.net&gt;</code></pre>
<h1 id="COPYRIGHT">COPYRIGHT</h1>
<p>Copyright (C) 1996-2023 Markus Franz Xaver Johannes Oberhumer</p>
<p>Copyright (C) 1996-2023 Laszlo Molnar</p>
<p>Copyright (C) 2000-2023 John F. Reiser</p>
<p>Copyright (C) 2002-2023 Jens Medoch</p>
<p><b>UPX</b> is distributed with full source code under the terms of the GNU General Public License v2+; either under the pure GPLv2+ (see the file COPYING), or (at your option) under the GPLv+2 with special exceptions and restrictions granting the free usage for all binaries including commercial programs (see the file LICENSE).</p>
<p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the UPX License Agreements along with this program; see the files COPYING and LICENSE. If not, visit the UPX home page.</p>
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NAME
upx - compress or expand executable files
SYNOPSIS
upx [ *command* ] [ *options* ] *filename*...
ABSTRACT
The Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
Copyright (c) 1996-2023 Markus Oberhumer, Laszlo Molnar & John Reiser
https://upx.github.io
UPX is a portable, extendable, high-performance executable packer for
several different executable formats. It achieves an excellent
compression ratio and offers **very** fast decompression. Your
executables suffer no memory overhead or other drawbacks for most of the
formats supported, because of in-place decompression.
DISCLAIMER
UPX comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details see the file COPYING.
Please report all problems or suggestions to the authors. Thanks.
SECURITY CONTEXT
IMPORTANT NOTE: UPX inherits the security context of any files it
handles.
This means that packing, unpacking, or even testing or listing a file
requires the same security considerations as actually executing the
file.
Use UPX on trusted files only!
DESCRIPTION
UPX is a versatile executable packer with the following features:
- secure: as UPX is documented Open Source since many years any relevant
Security/Antivirus software is able to peek inside UPX compressed
apps to verify them
- excellent compression ratio: typically compresses better than Zip,
use UPX to decrease the size of your distribution !
- very fast decompression: more than 500 MB/sec on any reasonably modern
machine
- no memory overhead for your compressed executables for most of the
supported formats because of in-place decompression
- safe: you can list, test and unpack your executables.
Also, a checksum of both the compressed and uncompressed file is
maintained internally.
- universal: UPX can pack a number of executable formats, including
Windows programs and DLLs, macOS apps and Linux executables
- portable: UPX is written in portable endian-neutral C++
- extendable: because of the class layout it's very easy to support
new executable formats or add new compression algorithms
- free: UPX is distributed with full source code under the GNU General
Public License v2+, with special exceptions granting the free usage
for commercial programs
You probably understand now why we call UPX the "*ultimate*" executable
packer.
COMMANDS
Compress
This is the default operation, eg. upx yourfile.exe will compress the
file specified on the command line.
Decompress
All UPX supported file formats can be unpacked using the -d switch, eg.
upx -d yourfile.exe will uncompress the file you've just compressed.
Test
The -t command tests the integrity of the compressed and uncompressed
data, eg. upx -t yourfile.exe check whether your file can be safely
decompressed. Note, that this command doesn't check the whole file, only
the part that will be uncompressed during program execution. This means
that you should not use this command instead of a virus checker.
List
The -l command prints out some information about the compressed files
specified on the command line as parameters, eg upx -l yourfile.exe
shows the compressed / uncompressed size and the compression ratio of
*yourfile.exe*.
OPTIONS
-q: be quiet, suppress warnings
-q -q (or -qq): be very quiet, suppress errors
-q -q -q (or -qqq): produce no output at all
--help: prints the help
--version: print the version of UPX
--exact: when compressing, require to be able to get a byte-identical
file after decompression with option -d. [NOTE: this is work in progress
and is not supported for all formats yet. If you do care, as a
workaround you can compress and then decompress your program a first
time - any further compress-decompress steps should then yield
byte-identical results as compared to the first decompressed version.]
-k: keep backup files
-o file: write output to file
[ ...more docs need to be written... - type `upx --help' for now ]
COMPRESSION LEVELS & TUNING
UPX offers ten different compression levels from -1 to -9, and --best.
The default compression level is -8 for files smaller than 512 KiB, and
-7 otherwise.
* Compression levels 1, 2 and 3 are pretty fast.
* Compression levels 4, 5 and 6 achieve a good time/ratio performance.
* Compression levels 7, 8 and 9 favor compression ratio over speed.
* Compression level --best may take a long time.
Note that compression level --best can be somewhat slow for large files,
but you definitely should use it when releasing a final version of your
program.
Quick info for achieving the best compression ratio:
* Try upx --brute --no-lzma myfile.exe or even upx --ultra-brute
--no-lzma myfile.exe.
* The option --lzma enables LZMA compression, which compresses better
but is *significantly slower* at decompression. You probably do not
want to use it for large files.
(Note that --lzma is automatically enabled by --all-methods and
--brute, use --no-lzma to override.)
* Try if --overlay=strip works.
* For win32/pe programs there's --strip-relocs=0. See notes below.
OVERLAY HANDLING OPTIONS
Info: An "overlay" means auxiliary data attached after the logical end
of an executable, and it often contains application specific data (this
is a common practice to avoid an extra data file, though it would be
better to use resource sections).
UPX handles overlays like many other executable packers do: it simply
copies the overlay after the compressed image. This works with some
files, but doesn't work with others, depending on how an application
actually accesses this overlayed data.
--overlay=copy Copy any extra data attached to the file. [DEFAULT]
--overlay=strip Strip any overlay from the program instead of
copying it. Be warned, this may make the compressed
program crash or otherwise unusable.
--overlay=skip Refuse to compress any program which has an overlay.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE
The environment variable UPX can hold a set of default options for UPX.
These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by explicit
command line parameters. For example:
for DOS/Windows: set UPX=-9 --compress-icons#0
for sh/ksh/zsh: UPX="-9 --compress-icons=0"; export UPX
for csh/tcsh: setenv UPX "-9 --compress-icons=0"
Under DOS/Windows you must use '#' instead of '=' when setting the
environment variable because of a COMMAND.COM limitation.
Not all of the options are valid in the environment variable - UPX will
tell you.
You can explicitly use the --no-env option to ignore the environment
variable.
NOTES FOR THE SUPPORTED EXECUTABLE FORMATS
NOTES FOR ATARI/TOS
This is the executable format used by the Atari ST/TT, a Motorola 68000
based personal computer which was popular in the late '80s. Support of
this format is only because of nostalgic feelings of one of the authors
and serves no practical purpose :-). See https://freemint.github.io for
more info.
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after
uncompression. All debug information will be stripped, though.
Extra options available for this executable format:
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
NOTES FOR BVMLINUZ/I386
Same as vmlinuz/i386.
NOTES FOR DOS/COM
Obviously UPX won't work with executables that want to read data from
themselves (like some commandline utilities that ship with Win95/98/ME).
Compressed programs only work on a 286+.
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after
uncompression.
Maximum uncompressed size: ~65100 bytes.
Extra options available for this executable format:
--8086 Create an executable that works on any 8086 CPU.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.
NOTES FOR DOS/EXE
dos/exe stands for all "normal" 16-bit DOS executables.
Obviously UPX won't work with executables that want to read data from
themselves (like some command line utilities that ship with
Win95/98/ME).
Compressed programs only work on a 286+.
Extra options available for this executable format:
--8086 Create an executable that works on any 8086 CPU.
--no-reloc Use no relocation records in the exe header.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
NOTES FOR DOS/SYS
Compressed programs only work on a 286+.
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after
uncompression.
Maximum uncompressed size: ~65350 bytes.
Extra options available for this executable format:
--8086 Create an executable that works on any 8086 CPU.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.
NOTES FOR DJGPP2/COFF
First of all, it is recommended to use UPX *instead* of strip. strip has
the very bad habit of replacing your stub with its own (outdated)
version. Additionally UPX corrects a bug/feature in strip v2.8.x: it
will fix the 4 KiB alignment of the stub.
UPX includes the full functionality of stubify. This means it will
automatically stubify your COFF files. Use the option --coff to disable
this functionality (see below).
UPX automatically handles Allegro packfiles.
The DLM format (a rather exotic shared library extension) is not
supported.
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after
uncompression. All debug information and trailing garbage will be
stripped, though.
Extra options available for this executable format:
--coff Produce COFF output instead of EXE. By default
UPX keeps your current stub.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.
NOTES FOR LINUX [general]
Introduction
Linux/386 support in UPX consists of 3 different executable formats,
one optimized for ELF executables ("linux/elf386"), one optimized
for shell scripts ("linux/sh386"), and one generic format
("linux/386").
We will start with a general discussion first, but please
also read the relevant docs for each of the individual formats.
Also, there is special support for bootable kernels - see the
description of the vmlinuz/386 format.
General user's overview
Running a compressed executable program trades less space on a
``permanent'' storage medium (such as a hard disk, floppy disk,
CD-ROM, flash memory, EPROM, etc.) for more space in one or more
``temporary'' storage media (such as RAM, swap space, /tmp, etc.).
Running a compressed executable also requires some additional CPU
cycles to generate the compressed executable in the first place,
and to decompress it at each invocation.
How much space is traded? It depends on the executable, but many
programs save 30% to 50% of permanent disk space. How much CPU
overhead is there? Again, it depends on the executable, but
decompression speed generally is at least many megabytes per second,
and frequently is limited by the speed of the underlying disk
or network I/O.
Depending on the statistics of usage and access, and the relative
speeds of CPU, RAM, swap space, /tmp, and file system storage, then
invoking and running a compressed executable can be faster than
directly running the corresponding uncompressed program.
The operating system might perform fewer expensive I/O operations
to invoke the compressed program. Paging to or from swap space
or /tmp might be faster than paging from the general file system.
``Medium-sized'' programs which access about 1/3 to 1/2 of their
stored program bytes can do particularly well with compression.
Small programs tend not to benefit as much because the absolute
savings is less. Big programs tend not to benefit proportionally
because each invocation may use only a small fraction of the program,
yet UPX decompresses the entire program before invoking it.
But in environments where disk or flash memory storage is limited,
then compression may win anyway.
Currently, executables compressed by UPX do not share RAM at runtime
in the way that executables mapped from a file system do. As a
result, if the same program is run simultaneously by more than one
process, then using the compressed version will require more RAM and/or
swap space. So, shell programs (bash, csh, etc.) and ``make''
might not be good candidates for compression.
UPX recognizes three executable formats for Linux: Linux/elf386,
Linux/sh386, and Linux/386. Linux/386 is the most generic format;
it accommodates any file that can be executed. At runtime, the UPX
decompression stub re-creates in /tmp a copy of the original file,
and then the copy is (re-)executed with the same arguments.
ELF binary executables prefer the Linux/elf386 format by default,
because UPX decompresses them directly into RAM, uses only one
exec, does not use space in /tmp, and does not use /proc.
Shell scripts where the underlying shell accepts a ``-c'' argument
can use the Linux/sh386 format. UPX decompresses the shell script
into low memory, then maps the shell and passes the entire text of the
script as an argument with a leading ``-c''.
General benefits:
- UPX can compress all executables, be it AOUT, ELF, libc4, libc5,
libc6, Shell/Perl/Python/... scripts, standalone Java .class
binaries, or whatever...
All scripts and programs will work just as before.
- Compressed programs are completely self-contained. No need for
any external program.
- UPX keeps your original program untouched. This means that
after decompression you will have a byte-identical version,
and you can use UPX as a file compressor just like gzip.
[ Note that UPX maintains a checksum of the file internally,
so it is indeed a reliable alternative. ]
- As the stub only uses syscalls and isn't linked against libc it
should run under any Linux configuration that can run ELF
binaries.
- For the same reason compressed executables should run under
FreeBSD and other systems which can run Linux binaries.
[ Please send feedback on this topic ]
General drawbacks:
- It is not advisable to compress programs which usually have many
instances running (like `sh' or `make') because the common segments of
compressed programs won't be shared any longer between different
processes.
- `ldd' and `size' won't show anything useful because all they
see is the statically linked stub. Since version 0.82 the section
headers are stripped from the UPX stub and `size' doesn't even
recognize the file format. The file patches/patch-elfcode.h has a
patch to fix this bug in `size' and other programs which use GNU BFD.
General notes:
- As UPX leaves your original program untouched it is advantageous
to strip it before compression.
- If you compress a script you will lose platform independence -
this could be a problem if you are using NFS mounted disks.
- Compression of suid, guid and sticky-bit programs is rejected
because of possible security implications.
- For the same reason there is no sense in making any compressed
program suid.
- Obviously UPX won't work with executables that want to read data
from themselves. E.g., this might be a problem for Perl scripts
which access their __DATA__ lines.
- In case of internal errors the stub will abort with exitcode 127.
Typical reasons for this to happen are that the program has somehow
been modified after compression.
Running `strace -o strace.log compressed_file' will tell you more.
NOTES FOR LINUX/ELF386
Please read the general Linux description first.
The linux/elf386 format decompresses directly into RAM, uses only one
exec, does not use space in /tmp, and does not use /proc.
Linux/elf386 is automatically selected for Linux ELF executables.
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after
uncompression.
How it works:
For ELF executables, UPX decompresses directly to memory, simulating
the mapping that the operating system kernel uses during exec(),
including the PT_INTERP program interpreter (if any).
The brk() is set by a special PT_LOAD segment in the compressed
executable itself. UPX then wipes the stack clean except for
arguments, environment variables, and Elf_auxv entries (this is
required by bugs in the startup code of /lib/ld-linux.so as of
May 2000), and transfers control to the program interpreter or
the e_entry address of the original executable.
The UPX stub is about 1700 bytes long, partly written in assembler
and only uses kernel syscalls. It is not linked against any libc.
Specific drawbacks:
- For linux/elf386 and linux/sh386 formats, you will be relying on
RAM and swap space to hold all of the decompressed program during
the lifetime of the process. If you already use most of your swap
space, then you may run out. A system that is "out of memory"
can become fragile. Many programs do not react gracefully when
malloc() returns 0. With newer Linux kernels, the kernel
may decide to kill some processes to regain memory, and you
may not like the kernel's choice of which to kill. Running
/usr/bin/top is one way to check on the usage of swap space.
Extra options available for this executable format:
(none)
NOTES FOR LINUX/SH386
Please read the general Linux description first.
Shell scripts where the underling shell accepts a ``-c'' argument can
use the Linux/sh386 format. UPX decompresses the shell script into low
memory, then maps the shell and passes the entire text of the script as
an argument with a leading ``-c''. It does not use space in /tmp, and
does not use /proc.
Linux/sh386 is automatically selected for shell scripts that use a known
shell.
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after
uncompression.
How it works:
For shell script executables (files beginning with "#!/" or "#! /")
where the shell is known to accept "-c <command>", UPX decompresses
the file into low memory, then maps the shell (and its PT_INTERP),
and passes control to the shell with the entire decompressed file
as the argument after "-c". Known shells are sh, ash, bash, bsh, csh,
ksh, tcsh, pdksh. Restriction: UPX cannot use this method
for shell scripts which use the one optional string argument after
the shell name in the script (example: "#! /bin/sh option3\n".)
The UPX stub is about 1700 bytes long, partly written in assembler
and only uses kernel syscalls. It is not linked against any libc.
Specific drawbacks:
- For linux/elf386 and linux/sh386 formats, you will be relying on
RAM and swap space to hold all of the decompressed program during
the lifetime of the process. If you already use most of your swap
space, then you may run out. A system that is "out of memory"
can become fragile. Many programs do not react gracefully when
malloc() returns 0. With newer Linux kernels, the kernel
may decide to kill some processes to regain memory, and you
may not like the kernel's choice of which to kill. Running
/usr/bin/top is one way to check on the usage of swap space.
Extra options available for this executable format:
(none)
NOTES FOR LINUX/386
Please read the general Linux description first.
The generic linux/386 format decompresses to /tmp and needs /proc file
system support. It starts the decompressed program via the execve()
syscall.
Linux/386 is only selected if the specialized linux/elf386 and
linux/sh386 won't recognize a file.
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after
uncompression.
How it works:
For files which are not ELF and not a script for a known "-c" shell,
UPX uses kernel execve(), which first requires decompressing to a
temporary file in the file system. Interestingly -
because of the good memory management of the Linux kernel - this
often does not introduce a noticeable delay, and in fact there
will be no disk access at all if you have enough free memory as
the entire process takes places within the file system buffers.
A compressed executable consists of the UPX stub and an overlay
which contains the original program in a compressed form.
The UPX stub is a statically linked ELF executable and does
the following at program startup:
1) decompress the overlay to a temporary location in /tmp
2) open the temporary file for reading
3) try to delete the temporary file and start (execve)
the uncompressed program in /tmp using /proc/<pid>/fd/X as
attained by step 2)
4) if that fails, fork off a subprocess to clean up and
start the program in /tmp in the meantime
The UPX stub is about 1700 bytes long, partly written in assembler
and only uses kernel syscalls. It is not linked against any libc.
Specific drawbacks:
- You need additional free disk space for the uncompressed program
in your /tmp directory. This program is deleted immediately after
decompression, but you still need it for the full execution time
of the program.
- You must have /proc file system support as the stub wants to open
/proc/<pid>/exe and needs /proc/<pid>/fd/X. This also means that you
cannot compress programs that are used during the boot sequence
before /proc is mounted.
- Utilities like `top' will display numerical values in the process
name field. This is because Linux computes the process name from
the first argument of the last execve syscall (which is typically
something like /proc/<pid>/fd/3).
- Because of temporary decompression to disk the decompression speed
is not as fast as with the other executable formats. Still, I can see
no noticeable delay when starting programs like my ~3 MiB emacs (which
is less than 1 MiB when compressed :-).
Extra options available for this executable format:
--force-execve Force the use of the generic linux/386 "execve"
format, i.e. do not try the linux/elf386 and
linux/sh386 formats.
NOTES FOR PS1/EXE
This is the executable format used by the Sony PlayStation (PSone), a
MIPS R3000 based gaming console which is popular since the late '90s.
Support of this format is very similar to the Atari one, because of
nostalgic feelings of one of the authors.
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after
uncompression, until further notice.
Maximum uncompressed size: ~1.89 / ~7.60 MiB.
Notes:
- UPX creates as default a suitable executable for CD-Mastering
and console transfer. For a CD-Master main executable you could also try
the special option "--boot-only" as described below.
It has been reported that upx packed executables are fully compatible with
the Sony PlayStation 2 (PS2, PStwo) and Sony PlayStation Portable (PSP) in
Sony PlayStation (PSone) emulation mode.
- Normally the packed files use the same memory areas like the uncompressed
versions, so they will not override other memory areas while unpacking.
If this isn't possible UPX will abort showing a 'packed data overlap'
error. With the "--force" option UPX will relocate the loading address
for the packed file, but this isn't a real problem if it is a single or
the main executable.
Extra options available for this executable format:
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--8-bit Uses 8 bit size compression [default: 32 bit]
--8mib-ram PSone has 8 MiB ram available [default: 2 MiB]
--boot-only This format is for main exes and CD-Mastering only !
It may slightly improve the compression ratio,
decompression routines are faster than default ones.
But it cannot be used for console transfer !
--no-align This option disables CD mode 2 data sector format
alignment. May slightly improves the compression ratio,
but the compressed executable will not boot from a CD.
Use it for console transfer only !
NOTES FOR RTM32/PE and ARM/PE
Same as win32/pe.
NOTES FOR TMT/ADAM
This format is used by the TMT Pascal compiler - see http://www.tmt.com/
.
Extra options available for this executable format:
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.
NOTES FOR VMLINUZ/386
The vmlinuz/386 and bvmlinuz/386 formats take a gzip-compressed bootable
Linux kernel image ("vmlinuz", "zImage", "bzImage"), gzip-decompress it
and re-compress it with the UPX compression method.
vmlinuz/386 is completely unrelated to the other Linux executable
formats, and it does not share any of their drawbacks.
Notes:
- Be sure that "vmlinuz/386" or "bvmlinuz/386" is displayed
during compression - otherwise a wrong executable format
may have been used, and the kernel won't boot.
Benefits:
- Better compression (but note that the kernel was already compressed,
so the improvement is not as large as with other formats).
Still, the bytes saved may be essential for special needs like
boot disks.
For example, this is what I get for my 2.2.16 kernel:
1589708 vmlinux
641073 bzImage [original]
560755 bzImage.upx [compressed by "upx -9"]
- Much faster decompression at kernel boot time (but kernel
decompression speed is not really an issue these days).
Drawbacks:
(none)
Extra options available for this executable format:
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.
NOTES FOR WATCOM/LE
UPX has been successfully tested with the following extenders: DOS4G,
DOS4GW, PMODE/W, DOS32a, CauseWay. The WDOS/X extender is partly
supported (for details see the file bugs BUGS).
DLLs and the LX format are not supported.
Extra options available for this executable format:
--le Produce an unbound LE output instead of
keeping the current stub.
NOTES FOR WIN32/PE
The PE support in UPX is quite stable now, but probably there are still
some incompatibilities with some files.
Because of the way UPX (and other packers for this format) works, you
can see increased memory usage of your compressed files because the
whole program is loaded into memory at startup. If you start several
instances of huge compressed programs you're wasting memory because the
common segments of the program won't get shared across the instances. On
the other hand if you're compressing only smaller programs, or running
only one instance of larger programs, then this penalty is smaller, but
it's still there.
If you're running executables from network, then compressed programs
will load faster, and require less bandwidth during execution.
DLLs are supported. But UPX compressed DLLs can not share common data
and code when they got used by multiple applications. So compressing
msvcrt.dll is a waste of memory, but compressing the dll plugins of a
particular application may be a better idea.
Screensavers are supported, with the restriction that the filename must
end with ".scr" (as screensavers are handled slightly different than
normal exe files).
UPX compressed PE files have some minor memory overhead (usually in the
10 - 30 KiB range) which can be seen by specifying the "-i" command line
switch during compression.
Extra options available for this executable format:
--compress-exports=0 Don't compress the export section.
Use this if you plan to run the compressed
program under Wine.
--compress-exports=1 Compress the export section. [DEFAULT]
Compression of the export section can improve the
compression ratio quite a bit but may not work
with all programs (like winword.exe).
UPX never compresses the export section of a DLL
regardless of this option.
--compress-icons=0 Don't compress any icons.
--compress-icons=1 Compress all but the first icon.
--compress-icons=2 Compress all icons which are not in the
first icon directory. [DEFAULT]
--compress-icons=3 Compress all icons.
--compress-resources=0 Don't compress any resources at all.
--keep-resource=list Don't compress resources specified by the list.
The members of the list are separated by commas.
A list member has the following format: I<type[/name]>.
I<Type> is the type of the resource. Standard types
must be specified as decimal numbers, user types can be
specified by decimal IDs or strings. I<Name> is the
identifier of the resource. It can be a decimal number
or a string. For example:
--keep-resource=2/MYBITMAP,5,6/12345
UPX won't compress the named bitmap resource "MYBITMAP",
it leaves every dialog (5) resource uncompressed, and
it won't touch the string table resource with identifier
12345.
--force Force compression even when there is an
unexpected value in a header field.
Use with care.
--strip-relocs=0 Don't strip relocation records.
--strip-relocs=1 Strip relocation records. [DEFAULT]
This option only works on executables with base
address greater or equal to 0x400000. Usually the
compressed files becomes smaller, but some files
may become larger. Note that the resulting file will
not work under Windows 3.x (Win32s).
UPX never strips relocations from a DLL
regardless of this option.
--all-methods Compress the program several times, using all
available compression methods. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default method gives the best results anyway.
--all-filters Compress the program several times, using all
available preprocessing filters. This may improve
the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
the default filter gives the best results anyway.
DIAGNOSTICS
Exit status is normally 0; if an error occurs, exit status is 1. If a
warning occurs, exit status is 2.
UPX's diagnostics are intended to be self-explanatory.
BUGS
Please report all bugs immediately to the authors.
AUTHORS
Markus F.X.J. Oberhumer <markus@oberhumer.com>
http://www.oberhumer.com
Laszlo Molnar <ezerotven+github@gmail.com>
John F. Reiser <jreiser@BitWagon.com>
Jens Medoch <jssg@users.sourceforge.net>
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 1996-2023 Markus Franz Xaver Johannes Oberhumer
Copyright (C) 1996-2023 Laszlo Molnar
Copyright (C) 2000-2023 John F. Reiser
Copyright (C) 2002-2023 Jens Medoch
UPX is distributed with full source code under the terms of the GNU
General Public License v2+; either under the pure GPLv2+ (see the file
COPYING), or (at your option) under the GPLv+2 with special exceptions
and restrictions granting the free usage for all binaries including
commercial programs (see the file LICENSE).
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
You should have received a copy of the UPX License Agreements along with
this program; see the files COPYING and LICENSE. If not, visit the UPX
home page.

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